With the rapid development of our country’s economy and the improvement of people’s living standards, people have put forward higher requirements for the functions of various daily consumer goods. Textiles with anti-mildew and anti-bacterial functions are gradually recognized by the market. The main application purpose of antibacterial textiles is to reduce the chance of survival and spread of germs in textiles, prevent microorganisms from decomposing the odor generated by human sweat and other secretions, thereby improving and improving people’s quality of life, or preventing textiles from becoming moldy and deteriorating.
Beijing Jieshuang High-tech Co., Ltd. drafted and formulated “GB/T 24253-2009 Evaluation of Anti-mite Performance of Textiles”, GB/T 20944.1-2007 “Evaluation of Anti-Mite Performance of Textiles”, GB/T 24346-2009 “Evaluation of Mildew Resistance of Textiles”, “GB/T 30126-2013 Testing and Evaluation of Mosquito Resistant Properties of Textiles” and “FZ/T 01116-2012 Testing and Evaluation of Magnetic Properties of Textiles” and other national standards and industry standards , the implementation of these five standards plays an important role in regulating the development of healthy textiles such as anti-mite, antibacterial, and anti-mildew products, protecting the interests of producers and consumers, and guiding China’s functional textiles to the world’s advanced level.
This article briefly introduces the current status, existing problems and progress of domestic and foreign antibacterial and mildew-proof fabric testing standards, aiming to provide reference for the testing and evaluation of antibacterial and mildew-proof fabrics.
Overview of antibacterial and mildew-proof testing methods for textiles
Among the antibacterial testing methods, Japan and the United States were the first to develop them. The most representative and widely used ones are the test method AATCC 100 [1] of the American Association of Textile Printers and Chemists [1] and the Japanese Industrial Standard JIS L 1902 [2]. The American Association of Textile Printers and Chemists first formulated the first antimicrobial testing method in the field of textiles, AATCC 90, in 1958. This standard is a qualitative testing method. AATCC 90 has been revised 8 times. It was discontinued in 1989 and reactivated in 2011.
The first quantitative antibacterial testing standard for textiles, AATCC 100, was promulgated in 1961. The latest version is AATCC 100-2004. This method is mainly used to determine the bactericidal performance of textiles. AATCC subsequently formulated “Evaluation of Antibacterial Performance of Fabrics: Parallel Striping Method AATCC 147 (1976) [4]” and “Evaluation of Antibacterial Performance of Carpets AATCC 174 (1971)”. Japan promulgated the textile antibacterial standard JIS L1902 in 1990, and its latest version is JIS L1902-2008. This standard has made major modifications to AATCC 100. In addition to measuring the bactericidal performance of textiles, it can also measure the antibacterial performance of textiles. The methods include qualitative detection methods and quantitative detection methods. In addition to the absorption method, the quantitative detection method also adds the printing method, while the calculation methods include plate culture counting method and fluorescence analysis method (ATP content). The International Organization for Standardization promulgated “Determination of antibacterial activity of textile fabrics – Agar plate method ISO 20645-2004” and “Textiles – Determination of antibacterial activity of antibacterial products ISO 20743-2007” in 2004 and 2007 respectively [6, 7], ISO 20645 It is a qualitative testing method, while ISO 20743-2007 is a quantitative testing method, which is mainly converted from JIS L1902, but has one more testing method than JIS L1902 – the Transfer method.
In 1992, China The textile industry standard FZ/T01021-1992 “Test Method for Antibacterial Performance of Fabrics” was promulgated in 2004. This standard was abolished on August 1, 2004. In 1994, the Ministry of Health promulgated the “Technical Specifications for Disinfection”, and its antibacterial (anti)bacterial methods There is “Test Method for Antibacterial Fabrics” (current version: 2002) [8]. In 1995, the national standard “Hygienic Standard for Disposable Hygienic Products GB 15979” (current version: 2002) was promulgated [9], which includes sterilization rate and Calculation of antibacterial rate, but the scope of application of this method is narrow. China’s existing textile antibacterial standards mainly include: FZ/T 73023-2006, GB/T 20944.1-2007, GB/T 20944.2-2007, GB/T 20944.3- 2008[10～14].
The United States AATCC promulgated the first testing method for the antifungal performance of textiles in 1946, “Evaluation of the Antifungal and Anticorrosive Properties of Textile Materials AATCC 30” [15]; BS 6085, a method for determining the antimicrobial deterioration properties of textiles, was promulgated in 1981. This method has been replaced by the EU standard “Textiles Testing – Assessment of Microfungal Effects EN 14119-2003” [16]. Japan promulgated the “Fungi Resistance” in 1992 The test method “JIS Z 2911-1992” stipulates the determination of the anti-mildew properties of textiles. The current version number is JIS Z 2911-2010[17]; the anti-mildew standards for textiles promulgated by our country include the national standard GB/T 24346-2009 and the industry Standard FZ/T 60030- 2009 [18, 19].
Textile antibacterial and mildew-proof detection technology
1. Textile antibacterial Detection technology
Antibacterial detection is divided into qualitative detection and quantitative detection.
The principle of qualitative detection is to attach the antibacterial sample closely to the surface of agar inoculated with a certain amount of known microorganisms, and after a period of contact culture, Observe whether there is an inhibitory ring around the sample or whether there is microbial growth on the contact surface between the sample and the agar to determine whether the sample has antibacterial properties. When there is an inhibitory ring or there is no bacterial growth on the contact surface between the sample and the culture medium, It indicates that it has antibacterial properties.
The larger the antibacterial ring, the weaker the combination between the textile and the antibacterial agent, and the worse the durability of the antibacterial performance. When the diameter of the antibacterial ring is greater than 1mm, the antibacterial properties of the antibacterial textiles are The agent is a dissolution type. When the diameter of the antibacterial ring is less than 1 mm, it is a non-dissolution type. When there is no antibacterial ring but no bacteria grows on the sample contact surface, the textile also has antibacterial activity, and the antibacterial performance has good durability. Antibacterial ring, and a large number of microorganisms grow on the contact surface.The higher the number, the weaker the activity of the bacteria, and their biochemical properties may also change. The test results cannot truly reflect the antibacterial performance of the product against the test bacteria.
Discussion on influencing factors in anti-mold test
1. Test strain The strain used in the anti-mold test is filamentous mold. . The purpose of anti-mildew treatment on textiles is to inhibit the germination of mold spores and the growth of mycelium, and prevent mold from deteriorating the appearance and performance of textiles. There are many types of textiles, and their uses are also diverse. Depending on the type of textiles and the regional environment where they are used, the erosion and impact of mold vary widely.
Domestic and foreign research results show that the dominant molds growing on textiles are mainly Aspergillus (Aspergillus sp.), Penicillium (Penicillium sp.), Trichoderma (Trichoderma sp.) and Chaetomium globus ( Chaetomium sp.), followed by Aureobasidium sp., Rhizophydium sp., Mucor (Chaetomium sp.), and Altenaria sp.; the dominant mold in the air is also Aspergillus , Penicillium, Trichoderma, etc. Therefore, the commonly used test bacteria in anti-mildew tests mainly include Aspergillus niger, Penicillium, Chaetomium globus, Trichoderma viride, etc. The standard test bacteria are shown in Table 5.
2. In the inoculum test, it is required to add a small amount of sterile water to each newly cultured mold slope, gently scrub the spores on the surface of the slope with an inoculation loop, and collect a strip of glass into the sterile dispersion of beads, shake evenly, filter, and collect the filtrate. Centrifuge the filtered spore suspension and remove the supernatant. Use 50 ml of sterile water to precipitate the suspended solids, and then centrifuge; wash the spores three times in this way, and then dilute the spore solution to different concentrations.
It can be seen from the results in Table 6 that the spore concentration affects the area where mold grows, and ultimately affects the evaluation of the mold resistance level of the sample. Judging from the existing textile anti-mildew standards, the spore concentration per milliliter is mostly stipulated as 105 to 106. This concentration range difference will not affect the change of the anti-mildew level. If the amount of bacterial solution is too much, the spore solution will be dark in color and easy to accumulate. On the surface of the sample, it affects the observation (it is difficult to distinguish whether it is the spore clusters sprayed or the spores growing on the sample), and there are obvious stains on the surface of the sample; the amount of bacteria inoculated in the bacterial solution is too small, making it difficult to meet the harsh test environment.
3. Comparative result analysis of culture time according to Table 7: There is a big difference between the results of 2 weeks of experimental culture and 4 weeks of culture. The culture time has no obvious impact on samples with good anti-mildew effect. , while samples with poor antifungal effect have a greater impact; after the culture time exceeds 4 weeks, the impact of the culture time is relatively small. Therefore, many standards stipulate that the culture time is 28d
4. Comparison of textile anti-mildew standards. Comparison of commonly used antimicrobial testing standards is shown in Table 8.
In AATCC 30 and EN 14119, there is also the soil burial method to test the resistance of textiles to microorganisms. The soil burial method mainly measures the metabolic effects of microorganisms in the soil that cause color and color of textiles. Deterioration such as biodegradation will reduce the tensile strength of the product and have a negative impact on the quality of textiles. The breaking strength of the buried sample was measured, and the breaking strength was used to characterize its anti-fungal ability.
Progress in antibacterial test methods for textiles
The existing standards only include antibacterial testing against bacteria and yeast, not against When it comes to filamentous molds, antifungal generally refers to antifungal tests. The standard ISO/DIS 13629-1 being developed by the ISO/TC 38/WG 23 working group, the antifungal activity test is not a mildew resistance test, but has exactly the same principle as the antibacterial performance test, using the absorption method and transfer method for inoculation. The ATP content was then measured using fluorescence analysis to calculate the antifungal activity value.
The absorption method detection step is to inoculate 0.2g sample with 0.2ml of spore solution with a concentration of 1×105~3×105/ml, place it at 25℃±2℃ and incubate for 42h±2, and finally add ATP for extraction. reagent and measure the absorbance; the transfer method detection steps are: first add 1mL of spore liquid on the PDA plate, spread it evenly on the surface, absorb the excess liquid, place the sample with a diameter of 3.8cm flat on the plate, and use a 200g stainless steel disc Press statically for 60 seconds, put the sample into another sterile plate and place it in a humidifier at 25°C±2°C for 42h±2. Finally, add ATP extraction reagent and measure the absorbance.
The antifungal activity value is calculated according to the following formula: A=(lg Ct–lg Co)-(lg Tt–lg To), where lg Co is the logarithm of the ATP content of the control sample at 0; lg Ct is the logarithmic value of the ATP content at 42 in the control sample; lg To is the logarithmic value of the ATP content at 0 in the sample; lg Tt is the logarithmic value of the ATP content in the sample at 42.
The ISO/TC 38/WG 23 working group is revising ISO 20743-2007. The revisions mainly include the inoculum size in the absorption method, the addition of culture media, the modification of the name of the standard, and the addition of test strains. , such as increasing Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P.
In the current standards, the parameters that affect the experimental results have not been unified. Each test method has certain limitations, and the test results of different methods also have certain differences. Therefore, the test results of different methods cannot be simply analyzed. For comparison, appropriate methods should be selected for testing based on the characteristics and usage requirements of the product.
In textile antibacterial testing, textile control samples and bacterial strain generations have not been standardized, which has a great impact on the accuracy, repeatability and reproducibility of test results, and is not conducive to the antibacterial textile industry. development of.
�For simple comparison, appropriate methods should be selected for testing based on the characteristics and usage requirements of the product.
In textile antibacterial testing, textile control samples and bacterial strain generations have not been standardized, which has a great impact on the accuracy, repeatability and reproducibility of test results, and is not conducive to the antibacterial textile industry. development of. </p
